Chilling injury of horticultural crops crc press book. Apr 10, 2019 chilling injury occurs when temperatures are above 32f and below 55f. Because of the diversity of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables in the structure and expression of chilling injury. Department of agriculture, beltsville, md 207052350 diversity of tropical horticultural crops in structure and in expression. Alleviation of postharvest chilling injury of tomato fruit. Chilling injury is damage to plant parts caused by temperatures above the freezing point 32f, 0c. Symptoms of frost, freezing and chilling injury on. Most crops of tropical and subtropical origin are sensitive to chilling injury.
These crops are injured by low, but nonfreezing, temperatures. C lead to numerous physiological disturbances in the cells of chillingsensitive plants and result in chilling injury. Plants of tropical or subtropical origin are most susceptible. Freezing injury freezing injury in plants can be from two sources. Application of calcium significantly reduced the severity of chilling injury in avocados and peaches.
Reduction of visible chilling injury in sweet basil. Both flowers and fruit of sensitive species can be injured. This is caused by the rapid decline in the ability of roots to ab. Reduction of chilling injury and transcript accumulation. C lead to numerous physiological disturbances in the cells of chillingsensitive plants and result in chilling injury and death of tropical and subtropical plants, e. Pci has been traditionally studied in the pericarp, however its development is likely.
Plants were scouted for visible chilling injuries on feb. Ci is a physiological disorder, the symptoms of which involve browning, pitting, or abnormal ripening, thereby affecting negatively the horticultural products commercial quality and storage life. Nov 22, 20 in some plants, the stomata behave properly at chilling temperatures and the injury is said to be metabolic. Many plants indigenous to the tropics and subtropics suffer chilling injury upon exposure to non. Hardening at 15cprior to chilling at 5 c prevented the decreases in atp and. Chilling injury is cumulative and may be initiated in the field prior to harvest. Reduction of chilling injury and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins in tomato fruit by methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate changkui ding, chien yi wang, kenneth c.
Service of fruits, vegetables, and revised february 2016. Reducing chilling injury and maintaining quality of. Department of agriculture, beltsville md 207052350 usa keywords. Chilling injury on young warmseason vegetable plants. Alleviation of chilling injury in tropical and subtropical. Chilling temperatures 110oc lead to numerous physiological disturbances in the cells of chillingsensitiveplants and result in chilling injury and death of tropical and subtropical plants, e. It also explores the genetic potential for cold resistance. Frost and chilling injury to growing plants nwisrl publications. A conception of initiation and development of chilling injury, based on a key role of oxidative stress, is put forward.
Chilling injury of tropical horticultural commodities chien yi wang horticultural crops quality laboratory, beltsville agricultural research center, agricultural research service, u. Chilling stress and its effect in plants linkedin slideshare. Chilling injury ci is a term used to describe the physiological damage that occurs in many plants and plant commodities. Chilling injury of tropical horticultural commodities. Chilling injury happens often with tropical and subtropical plants grown in most of the u. The decrease in atp with chilling was prevented by hardening the seedlings at 15 for 2 days 14hrdaylength. The early symptoms of chillinginjury in this species are the appearance of dark watersoaked patches on the leaf accompanied by a loss of leaf turgor. Chilling injury and changes in adenosine triphosphate of. Jun 14, 2012 chilling injury and electrolyte leakage. Surface pitting is the most common form of chilling injury in many tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. Therefore, chilling injury ci is a serious problem in the.
Tomato chilling injury plant breeding and genomics. The number of plants with visible chilling injury was counted and the incidence of affected plants was recorded. Integrative analysis of postharvest chilling injury in. Plants chilled for 80 min at 50c showed few signs of injury on return to 250c. The critical chilling temperature in group c plants is lower than that in group b plants. The origin of a crop or the genetic makeup of a plant determines whether the species is sensitive or.
Imbibitional chilling injury of corn share tweet email. Possible mechanisms of structural and functional changes in cells of chilling sensitive plants subjected to chilling stress are discussed. For example, ethoxyquin and sodium benzoate applied to cucumbers and sweet peppers were found to maintain a high degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in polar lipids and reduce chilling injury wang and baker, 1979. Chilling sensitive agriculturally important crops are often of tropical and subtropical origin and include avocados, bananas, soybeans, and tomatoes. Special topics related to the utilization of arrhenius plots of the temperature response of plants are also discussed. Injured areas or individual patches were irregular, varying from 10% to 80% of the entire leaf area. Frost and chilling injury to growing plants nwisrl. Low temperature stress in crop plants sciencedirect. With the recent cold weather and fields being planted to beat the rain, there is a chance that some early planted fields may experience symptoms of imbibitional. Chilling injury is a characteristic of plants of tropical or subtropical climates, al though plants of the temperate zone can also have a sensitivity. In our present study, we found that salicylic acid treatment could effectively reduce chilling injury in tomato fruit, and 2 mm was the most effective concentration p pdf file of the complete article 719k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. The most noticeable visual symptom of chilling injury is leaf and hypocotyl wilt figure 1. Agricultural research center, usda, agricultural research service.
While freezing injury is attributed to membrane damage caused by ice crystals 4, in many crop plants even chilling temperatures below 10 c, but above the freezing point can cause ir reversibly impact on morphology, growth, and development of plants 5 and freezing injury below 0 c. Symptoms of frost, freezing and chilling injury on vegetables. Reducing chilling injury and maintaining quality of horticultural crops with natural products and their derivatives c. Additionally, it describes the development of chilling injury in crops of tropical, subtropical, and temperate origin. However, horticultural products of tropical or subtropical origin are susceptible to chilling injury ci when exposed to chilling temperatures. Initiation and development of chilling injury in leaves of. It examines the hypotheses related to the primary temperature sensor in crop plants and the mechanisms of low temperature injury. Reingold 1960 reports crop losses in the united states resulting from cold weather as follows. According to skog 1998, potential cytophysiological changes caused symptoms of chilling injury are surface lesions, water by chilling in the chillingsensitive soaking of tissues, water loss, desiccation or shrivelling, plants internal discolouration, tissue breakdown.
Dec 25, 2001 it is the very ability of plants to undergo such changes that accounts for major differences in chilling susceptibilities between species and protects against irreversible chilling. Freezing damages most growing plants, but some plants are also injured by exposure to low, nonfreezing temperatures. Jasmonic acid ja and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate meja, have been found to occur naturally in a wide range of higher plants. Plants, which have the visual injuries at temperatures above. This interesting resource places emphasis on assessment, prevention, and reduction of chilling injury. Some temperate crops are in this group, such as mcintosh.
Wang produce quality and safety laboratory, plant sciences institute, ars u. Chilling injury of horticultural crops 1st edition chien. Plants were rated 7 and 14 d after chilling for damage on the cotyledons, growing point, and first true leaf for each plant in each plot. The reduction or delay in plant growth mainly reflects invisible injury when spathiphyllum is exposed to 50f.
Visible injury ranging from necrotic lesions to complete plant death occurred when plants were exposed to 38f or 45f for 5 days. Many species of plants especially those native to tropical and subtropical regions are susceptible to chilling injury. The ultrastructure of chilling stress kratsch 2000. It gives basic information which describes biochemical changes, molecular basis, and concepts of chilling injury. Tolerance of watermelon seedlings to lowtemperature. Here it was found that exogenous ethylene alleviated ci, accompanied by an increased endogenous ethylene production. For instance, exposure to a temperature of 1c to 5c for 24 to 36 hours is fatal or markedly injurious to crop plants such as rice, velvet beans, cotton and peanut, but less injurious to maize, tomatoes, sorghums and pumpkins. Hardening at 10 to 20 c prior to chilling protected the seedlings against subsequent chilling injury and prevented nucleotide losses.
Chilling injury of crops of tropical and subtropical origin. These chilling sensitive plants are among the most important agricultural crops grown today and are major contributors to world food and fiber production. Chilling injury ci is a physiological disorder of plants and plant organs caused by exposure to low, but nonfreezing temperatures ca. Chillingsensitive agriculturally important crops are often of tropical and subtropical origin and include avocados, bananas, soybeans, and tomatoes. At these temperatures, the tissues weaken because they are unable to carry on normal metabolic processes. Chilling injury of tropical horticultural commodities uc anr. C lead to numerous physiological disturbances in the cells of chillingsensitive plants and result in chilling injury and death of tropical and subtropical plants. Freezing injury in plants represents a major economic loss to agriculture. Discovery of chilling injury discoveries in plant biology.
Chilling injury in aglaonema dark and greasy patches appeared between midvein and leaf margin on the upper surface of leaves two days after chilling at 35f, 45f, or 55f figure 1. The actual temperature at which freezing will occur depends on such factors as plant species and. The effect of extreme temperatures on the tomato and pepper crop freezing and chilling injury in tomato and pepper plants. The term chilling injury ci, also referred to as cold injury plank 1938, coldshock or thermal injury morris and clarke 1981, has been used to describe the physiological damage that many plants and plant products incur as a consequence of their exposure to low but nonfreezing temperature raison and lyons 1986. Some crops of temperate zone origin are also susceptible.
Chillinginjured leaves may become purple or reddish and in some cases wilt. Cells free fulltext effect of ethylene on cell wall. The effect of extreme temperatures on the tomato and. Ethylene treatment resulted in a moderately more rapid flesh softening as a result of stronger expression of genes encoding expansin and cell wall hydrolases, especially xylosidase and galactosidase. Alleviation of postharvest chilling injury of tomato fruit by. Postharvest chilling injury pci reduces fruit quality and shelflife in tomato solanum lycopersicum l. Chilled plants returned to optimum conditions were able to restore the initial atp concentration when chilled only 1 day, but not when chilled 2 days. We reported earlier 14 that chilling markedly decreased atp, especially in leaves, when young unhardened cotton plants werechilled. Proteins, metabolism, and acclimation d graham, and and b d patterson.
Rice seedlings were exposed to 42 c for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h before chilling at 5 c in darkness a or light b for 7 d and were transferred to 25 c in the growth chamber and grown for 7 d. The chilling damage was manifested on all of the organs parts leaves, cotyledons, growing points as watersoaked patches subsequently turning yellow or necrotic. These chillingsensitive plants are among the most important agricultural crops grown today and are major contributors to world food and fiber production. Mar 10, 2020 however, horticultural products of tropical or subtropical origin are susceptible to chilling injury ci when exposed to chilling temperatures. Early research on freezing phenomena in plants centered on plant selection and. It is the very ability of plants to undergo such changes that accounts for major differences in chilling susceptibilities between species and protects against irreversible chilling. The plants were dried for 3 days at 40 c and their dry weight was recorded. Hydroponic treatment with salicylic acid decreases the. The results suggest that hsps could be involved to some extent in the ability of heat shock to increase chilling tolerance. Chilling injury of tropical horticultural commodities chien yi wang. Overview on chilling injury of horticultural crops.
Reduction of visible chilling injury in sweet basil ocimum. Consequences of chilling injury are pitting, surface bronzing, and browning of seeds and pulp tissue. Chilling injury of horticultural crops 1st edition. Frost and chilling injury to growing plants sciencedirect. Visible chilling injury symptoms were recorded as necrotic spots on the leaves or as leaf rot. Thus, chilling injury is damage to chillingsensitive plant species during storage at temperatures. Jun 15, 2014 chilling injury chilling injury in tropical or subtropical plants is caused by temperature above 0. Possible mechanisms of structural and functional changes in cells of chillingsensitive plants subjected to chilling stress are discussed. Chilling injury and nucleotide changes in young cotton plants. In some plants, the stomata behave properly at chilling temperatures and the injury is said to be metabolic.
The second concept puts forth the idea that chilling injury originates from a multitude of responses to low temperature. Frenkel, erez, 1996, which often precedes the appearance of infiltrationwa ter saturated areas mcmahon et al. Tomato is one of the most popular and economically important vegetables and is cultivated globally. Full text get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 719k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Chilling injury in tropical and subtropical fruits can be alleviated by low temperature preconditioning, intermittent warming, heat treatment, controlled atmosphere storage, treatments with calcium or other chemicals, waxing, film packaging, genetic modification, or applications with ethylene, abscisic acid. Instances of chilling injury following germination during the emergence process can also occur, often causing stunting or death of the seminal root system, deformed elongation of the mesocotyl the socalled corkscrew symptom and either delayed emergence or complete failure of emergence i. Effect of prior high temperature exposure on the resistance of rice seedlings to chilling injury.
Reduction of chilling injury and transcript accumulation of. Frost and chilling injury to growing plants mayland, h. Alleviation of chilling injury in tropical and subtropical fruits. Chilling injury ci is a physiological defect of plants and their products that results in reduced quality and loss of product utilization following exposure to low but. Pitting can occur on citrus fruits, cucumbers, eggplant, melons, okra, papayas, pomegranates, sweet peppers, sweetpotatoes, and tamarillos.
This observation was confirmed by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and electrolyte leakage measurements. The effects of chilling temperatures during seed germination and early seedling growth. Chilling injury chilling injury in tropical or subtropical plants is caused by temperature above 0. However, it is susceptible to chilling injury ci, a postharvest physiological disorder caused by improper storage temperatures that result in several symptoms including sunken areas on the fruit blemishes, disease susceptibility, and inhibition of color development. The plant tissue becomes weakened that leads to cellular dysfunction. In summary, chilling injury in spathiphyllum can be either visible or invisible. Therefore, chilling injury ci is a serious problem in the postharvest handling of tropical.
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